The 

¥  JUGOSLAVS 


fj^t^^x^iju^i^^         W^JW^y    A& 


The 

JUGOSLAVS 


the 


United  States 


ot 


America 


Published  by  the 

Jugoslav  Section  of  America's  Making,  Inc. 

New  York  City 

1921 


:  .    •       •  •  •  • 

•  .  .        *.    •  . 

•  »       •   •     •  • 

•i  ••:  *••  •••  • 

::  V-:  :  •  • 


printed  by 
The  International  Press,  150  Lafayette  St.,  New  York 


y 


Y7S? 


America  s  Making 

JUGOSLAV  SECTION 


EXECUTIVE    COMMITTEE 

John  J.  Grgurevich,   Chairman 

Rainer  F.   Hlacha,    V ice-Chairman 

Dr.  A.  H.  Mooney,   V ice-Chairman 

Prof.  Dr.  M.  S.  Stanoyevic,   V ice-Chairman 

Ivan  Mladineo,  Secretary 

D.  B.  Tripcevich,  Treasurer,  and 

Chairmen  of  the  following  committees: 


Exhibit  and  Art  Committee 
Leo  Zakra.jsek,   Chairman 

Members : 
Mrs.  Helen  P.  Arguello 
Mrs.  Ruzica  Jobst 
Stjepan  Jobst 
Frank  Primozic 

Festival   Committee 
Ignac  Hude,   Chairman 

Members : 
Miss  Mimi  Dercar 
Mrs.  Anna  Mladineo 
Miss  Ursula  Zakrajsek 
Emilij  Blazevich 
John  Koncan 

J.    CVETKOVICH 

B.  B.  Rados 

V.  Ujcich 

Hinko  M.  Sgiuppa-Zupa 


Finance  Committee 
Artue  Nikoloric,  Chairman 

Members : 
Frank  Lupsha 
Ljuba  Salevich 
Leopold  Sorger 

Publicity  Committee 
Dr.  Jozo  Poduje,   Chairman 
Members : 

Rainer  F.  Hlacha 

Ivan  Mladineo 

Dr.   M.  S.  Stanoyevic 


M105123 


»       >    I      < 


THE  JUGOSLAVS 

By  Dr.  M.  S.  Stanoyevich 
Columbia   University 

THE  Jugoslavs,  or  as  they  call  themselves  Jugosloveni  (the 
South-Slavs),  form  a  special  national  individuality  be- 
longing to  the  great  family  of  Slavonic  nations.  Ethno- 
graphically  they  are  nearest  to  the  Russians,  Ukrainians,  Poles, 
Czechoslovaks  and  Bulgarians,  both  by  religion  and  by  racial 
characteristics.  Before  the  end  of  the  fifth  century  they  lived 
on  the  northern  slopes  of  the  Carpathians,  but  since  the  sixth 
century  of  the  Christian  era  they  have  migrated  to  the  south 
and  west,  settling  down  in  the  depopulated  territory  of  the 
Balkan  Peninsula.  Since  then  they  have  steadily  occupied  the 
provinces  which  are  now  known  as  Serbia,  Croatia  and  Slovenia, 
and  which  form  the  State  of  Jugoslavia. 

When  the  Jugoslavs  came  to  the  Balkans,  some  of  them 
settled  in  the  west  and  gradually  passed  under  the  Roman 
sway,  while  the  others  who  came  into  contact  with  the  Byzan- 
tines acknowledged  the  supremacy  of  their  emperors.  The  for- 
mation of  the  first  Jugoslav  state  began  in  the  seventh  century 
by  the  Slovenes  who  lived  in  Carinthia,  Carniola,  Styria,  Gorica 
and  Gradiska.  But  this  state  did  not  last  longer  than  one 
hundred  years,  as  Charlemagne  wrenched  it  apart  and  annexed 
it  to  his  empire  in  778.  However,  the  destruction  of  the 
Slovene  state  did  not  mean  the  destruction  of  all  the  Jugoslav 
race.  In  the  ninth  century  the  Croats  and  Serbs  formed  their 
own  states,  the  former  on  the  Adriatic  littoral,  and  the  latter 
in  the  upper  Drina  region.  The  Croatian  kingdom  of  Tomislav 
and  Zvonimir  which  existed  throughout  the  whole  of  the  ninth 
and  tenth  centuries,  was  at  last  annihilated  by  the  Hungarians 

5 


in  >igO»    The  Serbian  state  continued  its  struggle  for  existence 
contending  fiercely  first,  with  Bulgaria,  which  was  then  a  power- 
\  £i£i  Jempj'rf,,  and  then  with  the  empire  of  Byzantium  (in  1018). 
Towards    the    end    of    the    12th    century    the    Grand    Zupan 
(Prince)  Stefan  Nemanja  united  the  two  Jugoslav  pirncipali- 
ties,  Raska  and  Zeta,  under  his  sceptre,  freed  himself  entirely 
from  B3'zantium,  and  founded  a  powerful  Serbian  state.     This 
state  was  a  well  organized  political  body  and  exercised  a  most 
beneficial  influence  upon  the  people  for  more  than  two  hundred 
years.      Numerous    monasteries    were   built    during   that    time, 
which  became  the  chief  centres   of  science,  art   and  literature, 
'  under  the  patronage  of  the  kings  themselves.     New  laws  and 
canons  were  framed.     The  celebrated  Code  of  Dusan  Nemanj- 
ic    (1349)   was  based  on  the  ancient  judicial  and  common   law 
of  the  Jugoslavs.     Trade  flourished  exceedingly,  owing  to  com- 
mercial relations  with  the  first  independent  Jugoslav  Republic  of 
Dubrovnik    (Ragusa),    and    through    Ragusa    with    the   West. 
The  exploitation  of  the  large  number  of  gold,  silver,  and  copper 
mines,   contributed   to   the   general   wealth   and   culture   of  the 
country.       The    reign    of    Emperor    Dusan     (1331-1355),    is 
verily  the  apotheosis  of  the  Jugoslav  race.      It  represents  its 
most  glorious  page  of  national  history. 

Towards  the  end  of  the  14th  century  the  Turks  appeared 
in  Europe,  and  arrested  the  course  of  Jugoslav  national  life. 
All  that  had  been  achieved  during  two  centuries,  at  the 
cost  of  so  much  blood  and  sacrifice,  crumbled  away,  almost  over- 
night. The  Turkish  invasion  was  an  unavoidable  calamity.  It 
was  something  terrific,  and  irresistible  like  the  floods  that  break 
down  every  dike  and  barrier,  and  against  which  all  efforts  prove 
unavailing.  The  Turks  did  not  merely  conquer  ancient  Jugo- 
slavia;  they  conquered  Bulgaria,  Greece,  Rumania,  Hungary, 
and  even  menaced  Austria,  Venice,  and  Poland.  The  Jugo- 
slavs now  served  Europe  as  a  rampart  and  bulwark  in  her  need ; 
they  sacrificed  themselves  for  her,  and  gloriously  fulfilled  the 
duty  imposed  upon  them  by  the  moment,  proving  themselves 
truly  the  propugrmculum  repiihUcde  christanae,  antemurale 
Chris  tianitatis. 


The  Turkish  domination  lasted  about  four  hundred  years. 
The  beginning  of  the  19th  century  brought  deliverance  and 
national  awakening  to  the  Jugoslav  nation.  What  had  seemed 
dead  under  the  long  and  oppressive  foreign  domination  sudden- 
ly revived,  and  the  work  of  emancipation  began  to  gain  ground. 
Serbia  was  the  first  to  set  herself  free  and  form  a  state.  But 
at  what  painful  cost!  No  American  can  form  any  idea  of  the 
obstacles  and  difficulties  that  beset  a  political  emancipation  in 
those  days.  Who  realizes  today  what  it  costs  a  nation  in  blood 
and  effort  to  free  itself  from  a  foreign  yoke?  And  then,  when 
the  victory  is  gained,  what  endless  further  efforts  are  needed 
to  obtain  even  the  smallest  amount  of  sanction  for  their  achieve- 
ment from  the  high  tribunal  of  world  diplomacy?  The  Serbian 
liberation  was  both  painful  and  difficult,  it  began  in  1804  and 
ended  after  one  hundred  and  fourteen  years. 

Character  and  Customs  of  the  People. 
The  character  of  the  South  Slavonic  nation  supplies  the  key 
to  many  mysteries  in  the  modern  Jugoslav  state.  Living  in 
the  midst  of  many  conflicting  forces,  the  Jugoslavs  present  the 
interesting  spectacle  of  a  brave,  hardy,  obedient  and  simple 
people.  They  are  mostly  of  dark  complexion,  possessing 
considerable  powers  of  endurance.  Their  brown  eyes  are 
indicative,  now  of  some  intense  grief,  now  of  some  great 
joy.  They  are  sensitive  and  emotional,  but  by  way  of 
compensation  they  have  a  certain  resiliency  which  saves  them 
from  permanent  depression  or  continued  exultation.  They  have 
a  fertile  imagination,  and  their  power  of  observation  of  all 
natural  phenomena  is  strongly  developed.  It  is  to  their  poetical 
disposition  and  their  personal  valor  that  they  owe  the  spread  of 
the  knowledge  of  their  name  throughout  the  world. 

The  home  life  of  the  Jugoslavs  is  very  simple,  but  in  some 
ways  it  is  ideal.  Their  hospitality  has  long  been  famed.  The 
Greek  Emperor  Mauritius  said  of  them  that  they  were  atten- 
tive to  foreigners,  whom  they  conducted  through  their  territory. 
The  Serbian  King  Stefan  Nemanja  treated  Frederick  Barbaros- 
sa  and  the  Crusaders  with  such  munificent  and  frank  hospitality 

7 


at  Nis  that  the  German  historians  spoke  of  it  with  great  praise. 
Dusan's  Code  (see  above),  contains  a  special  paragraph  con- 
cerning hospitality ;  it  runs :  "Whoever  refuses  to  admit  a  mer- 
chant for  the  night  will  be  punished  in  proportion  to  the  harm 
that  has  thereby  resulted  to  the  said  merchant."  During  the 
Middle  Ages  the  Jugoslavs  considered  as  semi-believers  the 
Franks,  Germans,  Hungarians  and  Armenians,  and  yet  they 
were  legally  protected  and  enjoyed  numerous  privileges  within 
the  Jugoslav  boundaries.  But  the  law  counselled  them  not  to 
marry  Jugoslav  women  as  the  Serbians  disapproved  of  it. 
Woman  is  highly  respected  and  protected  everywhere  in  Jugo- 
slavia, as  she  is  considerably  more  burdened  with  work  than  the 
man.  The  woman  is  the  first  to  rise  in  the  morning,  and  the 
last  to  retire  at  night.  During  the  day  she  has  no  time  to  rest, 
doing  the  entire  housework,  and  also  a  certain  portion  of  purely 
man's  work. 

During  the  long  winter  nights  the  girls  and  young  married 
women  often  assemble  at  some  house  to  spin,  either  for  their 
hostess  or  themselves.  In  the  former  case  they  are  served  with 
food  and  drink,  otherwise  not,  but  they  may  bring  something 
with  them.  Such  an  assembling  is  called  prelo  (spinning-bee), 
and  it  is  sometimes  attended  by  young  men,  who  help  to  make 
the  time  pass  gaily.  In  Croatia  and  Slavonia  they  bring  their 
banjos  or  tamburas  and  play.  At  fairs  or  on  feast  days  when 
the  village  folk  assemble  outside  the  monasteries  and  churches, 
various  games,  like  stone  or  dart-throwing,  wrestling,  leaping, 
etc.,  are  indulged  in.  During  the  "White  Week"  (Carnival) 
hardly  any  work  is  done,  and  every  evening  there  are  meetings 
and  dances  at  the  various  houses.  The  best  known  and  most 
popular  dance  is  the  kolo  (round  dance).  Men  and  women  take 
hands,  forming  a  circle  or  semi-circle,  and  dance  to  the  music 
of  the  flute,  bagpipe,  or  fiddle.  Another  musical  instrument 
often  used  in  Jugoslavia  is  the  gusle  (violin  with  a  single  cord). 
Peasants  and  shepherds  all  play  the  gusle,  but  they  do  not 
know  as  many  airs  to  sing  to  its  accompaniment  as  do  the  real 
guslars.     The  chanting  of  the  national  songs  is  essential,  not  on 


account  of  the  melody,  but  for  the  subject,  which  Is  historical, 
dealing  with  heroic  victories. 

Industry  and  Trade. 

Jugoslavia  is  a  very  young  country,  not  only  in  name  but 
from  the  economic  point  of  view.  Its  productive  activity  has 
not  been  developed  to  any  great  degree.  The  principal 
industry  from  the  oldest  times  has  been  agriculture.  The 
other  occupations  in  the  eyes  of  the  people  have  comparatively 
little  importance.  About  83  per  cent,  of  the  total  population 
cultivate  the  soil  and  produce  raw  materials ;  7  per  cent,  follow 
industrial  pursuits,  4  per  cent,  trade,  and  6  per  cent,  are  in 
state   civil   service. 

The  most  important  cereals  cultivated  in  Jugoslavia  are: 
maize,  wheat,  barley,  rye  and  oats.  Maize  succeeds  very  well 
throughout  the  whole  country ;  it  is  the  principal  food  and 
constitutes  almost  the  sole  nourishment  of  three-quarters  of  the 
population.  Large  quantities  of  maize  are  also  used  for  the 
feeding  of  cattle,  especially  for  the  fattening  of  pigs,  and  a 
considerable  portion  is  exported  abroad.  The  cultivation  of 
wheat  comes  next  in  importance  to  that  of  maize.  This  grain 
is  chiefly  sown  in  the  fertile  plains,  and  is  usually  given  over 
for  consumption  in  the  town ;  a  large  proportion  is  also  ex- 
ported, chiefly  the  variety  known  as  "red  wheat"  which  is  of  a 
special  quality.  Barley,  rye  and  oats  are  widely  cultivated  in 
the  mountainous  regions  and  used  for  feeding  cattle  or  for 
export. 

The  raising  of  cattle  is  also  one  of  the  most  important 
branches  of  national  production ;  cattle  form  the  principal 
export  (50  per  cent,  of  total  exports).  The  meat  of 
Jugoslav  cattle  is  much  appreciated  abroad  for  its  excellent 
quality,  which  comes  from  the  fact  that  the  cattle  live  in  the 
open  air,  feed  in  natural  pastures,  drink  pure  water  in  rivers 
and  brooks,  and  are  thus  protected  from  any  disease.  The 
raising  of  horned  cattle  and  pigs  is  conducted  on  the  largest 
scale  and  has  contributed  the  proverbial  phrase  "pig  wars" 
once  only  known  in  Serbia  and  Austria  now  after  the  war 
familiar  to  all  Europe. 

'r-    9 


Of   the    domestic   industries,   flour  milling  is   one   of   the 

greatest  importance  especially  in  Backa.  There  are  50  large 
flour  mills  in  the  country.  Brewing  and  distilling  are  ex- 
tensively carried  on,  as  are  also  weaving,  tanning,  boat-making, 
pottery,  and  iron-working.  Carpet-weaving  is  one  of  the  oldest 
industries  in  Serbia,  while  Slovenia  and  Croatia  are  famous  for 
their  embroideries.  Carpets  are  principally  produced  at 
Pirot,  and  they  are  named  after  that  place  (Pirot  ski  cilimi). 
These  cilims  are  made  of  pure  wool,  dyed  with  natural  colors 
by  local  dyers,  who  pride  themselves  that  the  process  of  dye- 
ing and  color  mixing  is  a  mysterious  secret  transmitted  by 
father  to  son  and  is  known  only  to  the  inhabitants  of  the 
city  of  Pirot. 

The  commerce  of  Jugoslavia  is  dependent  upon  natural 
and  social  conditions  of  the  country.  Among  such  con- 
ditions are  the  geographical  position,  area,  capital,  labor, 
education,  and  administration.  Jugoslavia  possesses  an  area  of 
95,628  square  miles  and  a  population  of  12,000,000.  Of  these 
11,400,000  are  in  Jugoslavia  proper  and  about  600,000  in 
Jugoslavia  Irredenta  (under  Italian  rule).  According  to 
official  reports,  the  imports  to  the  country  in  1920  amounted  to 
3,000,000,000  dinars,  and  exports  to  1,000,000,000  dinars. 
The  principal  imports  are  textiles,  agricultural  products,  chemi- 
cals, leathers,  metals,  and  machinery.  Exports :  maize,  wheat 
and  oats,  cattle,  pigs  and  other  animals,  fruits,  timber  and 
timber  goods.  The  trade  is  mainly  with  Italy,  France,  England, 
Austria,  Czechoslovakia,  Rumania,  Greece,  Bulgaria,  and  un- 
fortunately very  little  with  the  United  States  of  America. 

Literature   and  Art. 

Jugoslav  literature  began  with  the  years  in  which  the 
Southern  Slavs  adopted  the  translation  of  the  Bible  in  their 
own  language.  That  translation  was  made  in  the  ninth  century 
by  two  brothers,  Cyril  and  Methodius,  the  "Slavonic  Apostles" 
who  came  from  Salonica  as  missionaries,  and  travelled  all  over 
the  Jugoslav  lands.  The  best  and  the  most  celebrated  author 
at  the  very  beginning  of  the  ancient  period  was  St.  Sava  (1164- 

10 


1236),  who  wrote  books  concerning  the  church  discipline  and 
regulations.  His  most  famous  work  was  Life  of  St.  Simeon, 
viz.  the  biography  of  his  own  father,  Stefan  Neman  j  a,  the  first 
sovereign  of  the  united  Serbian  state  in  the  Middle  Ages.  Out- 
side of  the  biographical  and  historical  works  there  are  hardly 
any  original  creations.  But  there  are  many  translations  and 
imitations  of  Byzantine  literary  works.  For  instance,  there  was 
a  very  much  read  book  The  Story  of  Alexander  the  Great,  also 
a  Story  of  the  Trojan  War,  and  many  half-religious  and  half- 
romantic  legends.  The  most  popular  of  the  romances  of  that 
early  time  was  the  story  of  Vladimir  and  Kosara,  one  of  the 
oldest  novels  in  Europe. 

With  the  invention  of  the  printing  press  and  the  spread 
of  the  Renaissance,  Jugoslav  literature  received  a  new 
impetus  in  form  and  spirit.  Fifty  years  after  Gutenberg's  in- 
vention the  Jugoslavs  already  had  their  books  printed.  The  first 
Serbian  printed  book,  Octoechos,  was  issued  in  1494  at  Obod 
(Montenegro).  A  copy  of  this  rare  book  is  still  to  be  seen 
in  the  British  Museum.  One  of  the  first  Croatian  printed  books 
is  Judith  of  Marko  Marulic,  published  at  Venice  in  1521. 
During  the  first  half  of  the  16th  century  the  Serbians  had 
several  printing  presses  in  different  places  in  their  country, 
namely,  at  Belgrade,  Skadar,  Gorazde,  and  MileSeva.  But 
in  the  second  half  of  that  century  these  institutions  ceased 
to  exist,  as  the  Turkish  rule  fell  like  a  terrible  nightmare  over 
the  Serbian  nation.  From  the  15th  to  the  18th  century  the 
only  Jugoslav  country  free  of  the  Turks  was  Dalmatia.  The 
centre  of  her  literary  activity  was  the  Republic  of  Dubrovnik 
(Ragusa).  The  people  of  the  Dalmatian  towns  in  the 
times  of  Renaissance  were  inspired  with  the  notions  and  ideas 
of  Western  European  civilization.  The  most  prominent 
authors  who  made  efforts  to  write  in  the  language  which  the 
people  spoke,  were  Sisko  Mencetic  (1475-1527),  Mavro  Vetranic 
(1482-1576),  Marin  Drzic  (1518-1567),  Ivan  Gundulic  (1588- 
1638),  Junije  Palmotic  (1606-1657),  and  Ignjat  Gjorgjic 
(1675-1737). 

u 


The  new  period  of  Jugoslav  literature  dates  from  the 
liberation  of  Serbia  from  the  Turkish  domination,  i.e.  from 
the  beginning  of  the  19th  century.  Dositije  Obradovic  (1739- 
1811),  Valentin  Vodnik  (1758-1819),  Jernej  Kopitar  (1780- 
1844),  Vuk  Karadzic  (1787-1864),  Urban  Jarnik  (1784- 
1844)  Petar  Petrovic  Njegos  (1813-1851),  France  Presern 
(1800-1849),  Ljudevit  Gaj  (1809-1872),  Stanko  Vraz  (1810- 
1851),  Branko  Radicevic  (1824-1853),  and  Jovan  Popovic 
Sterija  (1806-1865),  are  great  figures  in  the  national  life  of 
the  Jugoslav  people.  Thanks  to  the  efforts  of  these  moralists, 
poets,  reformers,  and  men  of  letters,  the  idea  of  Jugoslav  unity 
was  widely  disseminated  among  the  people.  Religious  intoler- 
ance between  the  Catholics,  Orthodox,  and  Protestants,  had  lost 
much  of  its  force.  Vuk  Karadzic  collected  ten  volumes  of 
national  songs,  which  are  regarded  as  chef  d'oeuvres  not  only 
in  Jugoslav  but  in  all  Slavonic  literature. 

In  the  second  half  of  the  19th  century  Jugoslav  letters 
made  great  progress.  The  men  who  revolutionized  literature 
and  created  new  schools  are  Ivan  Mazuranic  (1814-1890),  Petar 
Preradovic  (1817-1872),  Jovan  Jovanovi  Zmaj  (1833-1904), 
Gjura  Jasksic  (1832-1878),  Ivan  Kukuljevik  (1816-1889), 
Vojislav  Ilic  (1862-1894),  Ivan  Trnski  (1819-1910),  Silvije 
Kranjcevic  (1865-1908),  Jakov  Ignjatovic  (1824-1880), 
Janko  Veselinovic  (1865-1905),  Sima  Matavulj  (1852-1908), 
Stevan  Sremac  (1855-1906),  Avgust  Senoa  (1838-1881),  Josip 
Kozarac  (1858-1906),  Ljuba  Nenadovic  (1826-1895),  Janko 
Krsnik  (1852-1897),  and  Jovan  Skerlic  (1878-1914).  The 
writings  of  these  men  give  true  pictures  of  life,  rich  in  humor 
and  emotion.  They  wrote  excellent  studies  of  Jugoslav  sur- 
roundings, criticism,  and  powerful  character  sketches.  The 
younger  generation  is  represented  by  Gjalski,  Ducic,  Tucic 
Rakic,  Santic,  Stankovic,  Ilic,  Nazor,  Vidric,  Katalinic  As- 
kerc,  Corovic,  Cankar,  Govekar,  Nusic,  Vojnovic,  Begovic, 
Ogrizovic  and  Pandurovic.  There  are  touches  of  Zola,  Poe 
and  Maeterlinck  in  some  of  these  talented  authors,  and  they 
certainly  deserve  to  be  better  known  abroad. 

12 


In  the  field  of  Jugoslav  art  the  most  distinguished  names 
are  Stevan  Todorovic,  Uros  Predic,  George  Krstic,  Pavle 
Jovanovic,  Marko  Murat,  and  Rista  Vukanovic.  All  these 
artists  arc  noted  for  their  deep  and  warm  coloring  in  land- 
scape and  historical  paintings.  The  wholesome  influence  of 
the  contact  with  other  countries  of  Europe  is  manifested  in  the 
work  of  great  painters  suchi  as  Bukovac,  Medovic,  Kovacevic, 
Vidovic,  Racki,  Ivekovic,  Crncic,  Subic,  Grohar,  Vesel,  Jakopic, 
and  Jama.  It  would  be  wrong  to  endeavor  to  classify  these 
modern  artists  into  schools.  It  is  true  that  some  of  them  in 
different  stages  of  their  development,  are  subject  to  the  in- 
fluences of  the  divers  conflicting  currents  flowing  through 
European  art,  but  they  discriminately  assimilate  only  the  best 
constituents,  winnowing  away  all  that  is  artificial,  insincere 
and  hysterical. 

Sculpture  in  Jugoslavia  is  principally  used  in  connection 
with  public  works  and  buildings.  It  has  produced  worthy 
smaller  and  larger  reliefs,  busts,  and  monuments  in  honor  of 
men  winning  fame  in  war  or  in  the  domains  of  science, 
art  and  literature.  Among  the  most  successful  sculptors  are 
Ubavkie,  whose  various  marble  and  bronze  works  can  be  seen 
in  public  and  private  collections.  George  Jovanovic  and  Sima 
Roksandic  executed  several  large  bronze  monuments  dedicated 
to  the  Jugoslav  heroes.  Ivan  Mestrovic,  unrivalled  in  his  art, 
is  known  beyond  the  borders  of  his  country.  His  sculptures 
exhibited  in  London,  Rome  and  Paris  besides  other  European 
cities,  aroused  the  wonder  and  delight  of  countless  visitors,  both 
artists  and  the  general  public.  The  younger  sculptors  and 
architects  who  show  their  ardor  and  faith  in  the  great  mission 
of  Jugoslav  art  are  Franges,  Rendic,  Zajc,  Bernekar,  Valdec, 
PleCnik  and  Kovacic. 

The  other  branches  of  art:  music,  singing  and  dancing 
are  likewise  cultivated  with  success  in  Jugoslavia.  They  find 
good  models  in  the  past  for  artistic  creations,  according  to  the 
direction  and  sense  of  modern  thought  and  feeling.  For  the 
Jugoslav  nation  will  remain  true  to  the  tendency  displayed  in 
European  art — to  be  a  devoted  and  earnest  participator  in  the 
universal   labor   for   the   progress    of   humanity. 

13 


THE  JUGOSLAVS  IN  AMERICA. 


HISTORICAL   OUTLINE   OF   THE  JUGOSLAV 
IMMIGRATION* 

Jugoslav  immigration  to  the  United  States  up  to  1880 
was  sporadic  rather  than  steady.  Since  that  time,  however, 
it  has  become  continuous  and  numerous,  especially  since  1902. 
Among  the  earliest  Jugoslav  immigrants  in  America  were 
seamen   and  missionaries. 

It  is  hard  to  say  when  Jugoslavs  first  came  to  America ; 
it  was  certainly  early.  Several  Dalmatians  arrived  in  1700 
by  the  way  of  India.  The  town  of  Croatan,  in  the  state  of 
North  Carolina,  was  founded  about  1800,  by  ship-wrecked 
sailors  from  Croatia  who  established  a  little  colony.  The 
descendants  of  these  sailors  are,  of  course,  totally  Ameri- 
canized, but  the  name  of  the  town  recalls  the  race  of  the 
original  settlers. 

As  early  as  the  seventeenth  century  Jugoslav  missionaries 
appeared  on  American  soil.  Perhaps  the  first  among  them 
was  the  Croatian  Jesuit  Baron  Ivan  Rataj,  who  died  in  New 
Mexico  in  1680  after  devoting  many  years  in  that  state  to 
missionary  work.  He  was  followed  by  many  other  mis- 
sionaries, the  most  prominent  of  whom  was  Ferdinand  KonSak, 
who  came  to  Mexico  in  1730.  Two  years  later  he  was  ex- 
ploring in  Southern  California.  He  published  the  first  map 
of  California  and  may  be  considered  as  one  of  the  first 
pioneers  on  the  Pacific  Coast.  To  American  students  he  is 
better  known  as  "Gonzales,"  the  Spanish  adaptation  of  his 
name.  Another  prominent  missionary  and  pioneer  was  Josip 
Kundek,  who  arrived  in  1888  and  founded  Ferdinand,  Jasper, 
and  certain  other  towns   in   the  State   of  Indiana. 


*  The  statistical  and  historical  data  hereinafter  referred  to  have  been 
obtained  through  the  courtesy  of  the  Foreign  Language  Information 
Service. 


It  is  worthy  of  note  that  the  work  of  these  missionaries 
in  America  was  supported  by  collections  made  in  the  churches 
of  Jugoslavia.  According  to  the  records  kept  in  the  archives 
of  the  provincial  government  Croatia  alone  sent  for  the  sup- 
port of  churches  and  schools  57,400  Florins  during  1880-40. 
This  sum  in  those  days  represented  an  immensely  higher 
value  than  to-day. 

In  large  numbers,  Dalmatians  began  to  appear  in  Cali- 
fornia in  search  of  gold  after  1849.  Many  of  them,  like 
the  Vikings  of  old,  left  their  native  coast  in  small  sailing 
boats  and,  crossing  the  ocean  and  passing  the  Straits  of 
Magellan,  arrived  in  California.  California,  ever  since,  has 
had  a  special  attraction  for  the  Dalmatian.  This  is  not 
strange  for  climatically  and  geographically  that  coast  re- 
minds these  people  strongly  of  their  native  land. 

So  far  as  is  known  the  first  Slovene  to  come  to  America 
was  a  Catholic  missionary  and  Saint — Bishop  Baraga  who 
devoted  himself  to  the  spread  of  civilization  and  religion  in 
the  Northwest.  Bishop  Baraga's  work  among  the  Indians 
is    an    interesting    chapter    of    American    history. 

Frederick  Baraga  was  born  in  1797  in  his  father's  castle 
near  the  city  of  Ljubljana.  After  studying  law  at  the 
University  of  Vienna,  he  entered  the  priesthood.  In  1831, 
he  fulfilled  his  long-cherished  desire  for  missionary  work  among 
the  Indians  of  the  American  Northwest  and  came  to  Amer- 
ica. In  1853  he  was  elevated  to  the  bishopric  for  the  newly 
created  See,  which  then  comprised  not  only  the  upper  penin- 
sula of  Michigan  but  a  great  part  of  lower  Michigan, 
northern  Wisconsin,  eastern  Minnesota  and  part  of  Ontario. 
He  died,  in  1868  at  the  age  of  seventy.  His  memory  lives 
in  the  name  of  the  Baraga  County,  Michigan. 

Bishop  Baraga  was  also  distinguished  in  literature.  He 
published  a  grammar  and  dictionary  of  the  language  spoken 
by  the  Chippewa  Indians.  In  the  same  -language  he  issued 
translations  of  the  Bible  for  his  flock  of  converted  Indians 
and   a   book    of   prayers   was    compiled   by   him    in   the   Ottawa 


language. 


*5 


The  splendid  achievements  of  Bishop  Baraga  called  for 
more  workers  of  the  same  type  and  the  Slovenians  have 
given  five  Bishops  to  American  dioceses. 

Early  Slovenian  immigrants  settled  in  Minnesota  as  home- 
steaders. There  they  founded  a  town,  Kraintown,  about 
fifty  years  ago,  named  after  their  original  province  Krain 
(Carniola).  The  second  generation  of  farmers  lives  there  now, 
very  prosperous  and  good  Americans.  The  Slovenes  first 
appeared  in  Chicago  and  in  Iowa  in  1863  and,  in  1866,  they 
founded  their  chief  farming  colony  in  Brockway,  Minnesota. 
They  came  to  Omaha  in  1868.  About  1873  their  present 
large  colony  in  Joliet  was  founded.  They  began  to  settle 
in   New  York   about    1878. 

It  was,  however,  not  until  the  '90s  of  the  last  century 
that  the  Jugoslavs  began  to  immigrate  in  large  numbers. 
Serbia  proper  had  comparatively  no  emigration.  Macedonia 
and  Montenegro  contributed  but  slightly ;  the  bulk  of  Jugo- 
slavs in  the  United  States — Serbs,  Croats  and  Slovenes — are 
from   provinces   formerly   belonging   to   Austria-Hungary. 

NUMBER  OF  JUGOSLAVS  AND  THEIR  DISTRIBUTION 

TROUGHOUT  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Census  figures  as  to  the  Jugoslavs  are  very  misleadin  ->• 
as  the  census  of  the  foreign  born  takes  into  account  simplv 
the  country  of  nativity.  The  Jugoslavs  in  America,  nearly 
all  coming  from  provinces  of  former  Austria-Hungary,  were 
classified  as  Austro-Hungarians. 

Even  the  subsidiary  statistics  based  on  mother-tongues 
do  not  offer  any  reliable  source  of  information.  This  is 
evident  from  the  fact  that  these  statistics  show  more  Slovenes 
than  Croats  in  America  while  there  are  actually  about  twice  as 
many  Croats  as  Slovenes. 

An  approximate  estimate  of  the  Jugoslavs  in  the  United 
States  may  be  derived  from  the  available  statistics  of  immi- 
gration, and  furthermore,  from  the  data  of  Jugoslav  organi- 
zations which  have  branches  in  every  city  or  settlement  where 
there  is  a  group  of  Jugoslavs. 

16 


The   following  data,   representing  a   conservative   estimate 

of    the    Jugoslavs    throughout    the    United    States,    have    been 

compiled   by   the   Jugoslav   Section   of   the   Foreign   Language 

Information    Service   on   the   basis   of    reports    from    the   entire 

country.      The  total  number  of  Jugoslavs  in  the  United  States, 

according   this   estimate  is    (585,000.      The   proportion    between 

Serbs,  Croats  and  Slovenes  is  about  the  following: 

Croats  350,000 

Slovenes  195,000 

Serbs  90,000 


Alabama     ...... 

Alaska    

Arizona    

Arkansas    

California     

Colorado    ...... 

Connecticut    .... 

Delaware    

Dis.   of   Columbia 

Florida     

Georgia    ....... 

Idaho      

Illinois    

Indiana     

Iowa 

Kansas      

Kentucky     

Louisiana      

Maine     

Maryland      

Massachusetts    .  . 

Michigan    

Minnesota     

Mississippi 

Missouri     

Montana    


Distribution  according  to  States : 
.  .  .  .  500      Nebraska 


1,500 

3,500 

500 

16,000 

16,000 

1,800 

25 

25 

100 

50 

2,200 

110,000 

16,000 

7,200 

12,000 

500 

2,000 

100 

600 

500 

27,000 

35,000 

500 

11,000 

14,000 


Nevada     

New  Hampshire 
New  Jersey  .  .  . 
New  Mexico  .  . 
New  York  .... 
North  Carolina 
North  Dakota    . 

Ohio 

Oklahoma      .... 

Oregon     

Pennsylvania    .  . 
Rhode  Island   .  . 
South  Carolina 
South    Dakota 
Tennessee     .... 

Texas      

Utah    

Vermont     

Virginia    

Washington  .  . 
West  Virginia  . 
Wisconsin  .... 
Wyoming     .... 


3,100 

1,500 

50 

2,900 

3,400 

19,000 

25 

450 

70,000 

300 

5,600 

145,000 

25 

50 

2,050 

300 

2,200 

3,800 

50 

100 

14,000 

9,000 

22.000 

6,500 


Total 


635,000 


17 


Main  Settlements. 

The  following  brief  summary  gives  the  main  groupings 
of  Jugoslavs  throughout  the  United  States,  omitting  smaller 
and  scattered  settlements: 

1.  New  York  City   and   Hoboken    (14,000). 

2.  Buffalo  and  surroundings. 

3.  The    hard    coal    district    of    Eastern    Pennsylvania    and 

adjacent  parts  of  New  York  State. 

4.  Western   Pennsylvania,   especially   in   the   steel   and   coal 

districts  of  Johnstown  and  Pittsburgh,  with  adjacent 
parts  of  West  Virginia  (Wheeling)  and  Ohio 
(Youngstown).  Pittsburgh  with  Alleghany  County 
(70,000)  represents  the  largest  grouping  of  Jugo- 
slavs. In  the  city  of  Pittsburgh  is  the  most  im- 
portant Serb  colony  and  one  of  the  two  most 
important  centers  of  Croats,  the  other  one  being 
Chicago. 

5.  The  coal  mines   and  lumber  camps   of  West  Virginia. 

6.  Cleveland    and    surroundings    (50,000)    and    Akron,    O. 

Cleveland  is  the  most  important  Slovene  colony  in 
the  United  States. 

7.  Detroit   (6,000). 

8.  The  copper  mining  district  of  Northern   Michigan. 

9.  The    Chicago    industrial    districts    including   Joliet,   La- 

Salle,  and  adjacent  parts  of  Indiana  (Gary). 
Next  to  the  coal  and  steel  district  of  Pittsburgh, 
Pa.,  this  is  the  largest  grouping  of  Jugoslavs. 
Chicago  itself,  with  approximately  45,000  Jugo- 
slavs is  a  very  important  center  of  Jugoslavs  in 
America. 

10.  Milwaukee  and  surrounding  territory  up   to   Sheyboygan, 

Wis. 

11.  The  iron  ore  district  of  Northern  Minnesota    (St.   Louis 

county). 

12.  Kansas  City  and  the  coal  basin   of  Pittsburgh,   Kansas. 

13.  Denver,  Pueblo,  and  Lcadville,   Colo.,   and   the   Colorado 

mine  districts. 

18 


14.  The  mining  districts  of  Wyoming  (Rock  Springs),  Mon- 

tana   (Butte,  Helena)    and   Salt  Lake   City,   Utah. 

15.  Seattle,   Wash. 

16.  Portland,  Ore. 

17.  San    Francisco,    Gal.,    with    Oakland    (17,000)  ;    Fresno, 

Sacramento,  Los  Angeles,   San   Diego,   Santa   Clara, 
etc.,  and  the  whole  coast  of  California. 

18.  The   copper  mine   district   of   Arizona    (Bisbee,   Globe). 

19.  Galveston,  Tex. 

20.  New   Orleans,   La.,    and   the   Mississippi   Delta. 

21.  Juneau,  Alaska. 

Industrial  Distribution 

The  geographical  distribution  of  Jugoslavs,  as  stated  in 
the  previous  paragraph,  points  in  a  way  to  their  industrial 
distribution  as  well.  We  see  that  the  coal  mining  and  steel 
producing  states  have  the  largest  portion  of  Jugoslav  popu- 
lation. There  are  no  steel,  smelter  or  similar  works  without 
some  Jugoslav  workers.  They  are  also  found  in  large  num- 
bers  in   all  copper-mining   regions. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  practically  three- fourths  of 
the  total  Jugoslav  immigrant  population  in  the  United  States 
is  dependent  upon  the  metal  and  coal  industries. 

Regarding  the  iron  mines  it  is  generally  estimated  that  in 
the  Iron  District  of  Minnesota,  producing  most  of  the  iron 
ore  in  U.  S.,  50  per  cent  of  all  employees  are  Jugoslavs. 
The  United  States  Steel  Corporation  estimated  that  in  1918 
there  were  25,000  Jugoslavs  in  their  employ.  Here  again 
statistics  understate  the  facts  as  in  many  industrial  plants 
Jugoslavs  are  being  classified  as  Austrians  or  Hungarians. 

In  the  coke  industry  a  large  part  of  the  labor  is  under- 
taken by  Jugoslavs.  It  is  reported  that  40  per  cent  of  the 
workers  in  the  coke  ovens  of  Western  Pennsylvania  are  Jugo- 
slavs. 

The  Jugoslavs  are  prominent  in  the  zinc  mines  of  Illinois, 
but  more  so  in  copper  mining  districts,  as  in  the  Calumet  region 
of  Michigan,  in  Montana  and  in  Arizona.  On  account  of  the 
present   utterly  demoralized   conditions    in   this    industry   they 

19 


have  been  scattered,  and   are  no  longer  to  be  found  in   these 
centers  as  heretofore. 

They  are  employed  in  large  numbers  in  stockyards,  espe- 
cially in  Chicago,  Kansas  City  and  Omaha. 

In  the  lumber  industry,  as  lumberjacks,  they  are  found 
everywhere.  However,  they  have  a  certain  specialty  of  their 
own  in  this  particular  industry.  In  the  Southern  States  there 
are  few  Jugoslavs,  and  these  are  either  down  on  the  sea- 
coast,  at  Galveston,  New  Orleans,  Mobile,  or  in  the  interior 
of  the  Southern  States.  Those  in  the  interior  are  employed 
in  the  lumber  industry,  particularly  in  the  production  of 
"French  claret  staves."  These  staves  are  manufactured  ex- 
clusively by  the  Jugoslavs,  and  are  exported  to  European 
countries,  mostly  to  France.  They  are  made  by  hand  and 
in  the  same  manner  as  in  the  old  country.  This  industry 
began  in  1895. 

As  a  skilled  worker,  the  Slovene  mechanics  are  exten- 
sively useful  particularly  in  the  automobile  industry.  Prof. 
Pupin  said  at  the  Peace  Conference  that  "the  work  of 
skilled  Slovene  mechanics  in  the  factories  of  Detroit,  Toledo, 
Cleveland,  and  Pittsburgh  contributed  towards  the  winning 
of  the  war  just  as  much  as  an  army  of  25,000  fully  equipped 
soldiers." 

The  majority  of  the  Slovenes  in  New  York  are  employed  in 
manufacturing  hats.  They  are  highly  appreciated  skilled 
workers  since  they  have  already  learned  the  trade  in  their 
home  country.  Great  is  the  number  of  Slovene  girls  employed 
in    this    industry    as    skilled   workers   and    foreladies. 

The  Jugoslav  Section  of  the  Foreign  Language  Informa- 
tion Service  made  a  survey  of  the  occupations  in  which  Jugo- 
slavs are  engaged.  These  statistics  cover  twenty-nine  states  and 
show  that  Jugoslavs  are  engaged  in  a  large  variety  of  occupa- 
tions. 


20 


Occupations  of  the  Jugoslavs  in  the  U.  S.  A. 

Steel,    Iron    and    Zinc    Mines, 

Smelters,  Refiners  and  Works  42.0  per  cent 

Coal  mining 12.0 

Lumber  Industry 6.5 

Stockyards 6.0 

Fruit  Growing 5.0 

Chemical  Works    4.0 

Railroads    4.0 

Electrical  Manufacturing   ....  4.0 

Farming 3.0 

Copper  Mining    3.0 

Fishers 2.0 

Automobiles      2.0 

Sailors    and    Longshoremen...  1.5 

Business    1.0 

Oyster   Industry    0.5 

Professions  and  other  activities  3.5 

ORGANIZATIONS. 

The  main  organizations  of  the  Jugoslavs  in  the  United 
States  are  the  fraternal  benevolent  societies.  These  societies 
were  first  established  in  San  Francisco  and  New  Orleans. 
The  leading  national  organizations  of  this  kind  are  as  follows : 

Branches        Members 

National  Croatian  Society,  Pittsburgh 417  52,000 

Croatian  League  of  Illinois,  Chicago 153  11,000 

Croatian      League      of      the      Pacific,      San 

Francisco 23  g?500 

Youth   National  Croatian   Society,   Whiting     10  1,200 

Croatian    Brotherhood    of    Montana,    Great 

Falls .  .        5  600 

St.     Joseph's     Benevolent     Society,     Kansas 

City   5  2,400 

Slovene  National  Benefit  Society,  Chicago .  .    524  85,000 

Slovene  Progressive  Benefit  Union,  Chicago   159  5,000 

21 


Grand  Carniolian  Slovenian  Catholic  Union 

Joliet    134  18,000 

South  Slavonic  Catholic  Union,  Ely 104  11,000 

Western  Slavonic  Association,  Denver 23  3,000 

Slovenian  Croatian  Union,   Calumet 25  2,000 

Slovenian  Mutual  Benefit  Association,  Cleve- 
land  18  2,400 

Holy  Family  Society,  Joliet 13  1,000 

South     Slavic    Benevolent    Union    "Sloga," 

Milwaukee . 9  1,600 

Serbian  Society  Srbobran-Sloga,  Pittsburgh  107  7,000 

Loyal   Serb   Society  "Srbadija,"   New  York  87  5,000 

Serb  Federation  "Sloboda,"  Pittsburgh 10  2,500 

It  goes  without  saying  that  Jugoslavs  have  also  social, 
cultural  and  political  organizations  including  a  nationally 
organized  singing  society. 


22 


PRESS. 


The  enclosed  photographs  of  the  Serb,  Croat  and  Slovene 
newspapers  in  the  United  States  offer  some  idea  of  the  ex- 
tent of  the  Jugoslav  press  in  America. 


HHM| 

.HePMK.<HCKM 


CPBOBPAH 

■VKi:  THE  AMERICAN  SRBOSRAN   ;  • 


cpncM  vmmm 


CA5P>H  AJ 


bian    Herald 


flOMAhF.  DM  j 


CPnCHM  AHEBHNR 

SERBIAN    DAILY 


'•S^cijalfeka  Radnict  v^ 

CWCK1  CTPiSi 


SRPSKA  STRAZA 


YJEAHrbEHO  CPnCTBi* 


Ku  Klox  Klan  »WTNi«i  uux    "«e  »scf *  *•"•  Jtomaemt 


i 


CPE/QHJA 


SRBAMA 


SERB    NEWSPAPERS 

33 


There  are  16  Croatian,  12  Slovene  and  8  Serbian  news- 
papers which  are  published  in  New  York,  Pittsburgh,  Cleve- 
land, Chicago,  Milwaukee,  Calumet,  Mich.,  San  Francisco, 
Los  Angeles,  Joliet,  111.,  and  Galveston,  Tex.     Of  these  there 


JUGOSLOVENSKI 

SVIOFET 


SOKOL 

1STINA 


VIJESNIK 


FiP      GLASNIK  1ST1NF 


VIJBSTNfK  f  _...~-«y-- .— 


NARODM  LIST 


" " 7' oim ,r  SESPOSLENE 

*        ZNANJE    7*]  ?ED. HARDIN 


ISiajvece    r 


JEDINSTvn 
SYIZA 


^GO  SLi\\>|A 


;oslovenski  Glasnik 

.Hrss^r"        Jugoslav  Heraltl  — *  — 


p 


HRVATSKI  GLASNIK 


CROATIAN  HERALD 

wuTO-a§j§ysr!  m«L£8.siA  i  mixm  wa  ««««« 


s4|kysi(i 


HRVATSKA  i 


CROAT    NEWSPAPERS 
24 


are  7  dailies,  1  tri-weekly,  1  semi-weekly,  19  weeklies,  3  semi- 
monthlies and  7  monthlies.  Of  the  daily  papers  four  are 
published  in  New  York,  one  in  Pittsburgh,  one  in  Cleveland, 
and  one  in  Chicago.     Their  circulation   is   national. 


iSm     GfcAS   NARODA 


SLOVENIJA 


•% 


^z 


Ben! akopra vnosT I  p.Roletarec 


tag/urn 


SOCIALISTIdNA  ZARJA      ^,  < 


t%--^w/u 


4 


I 


m 


cri^foft-r 


ATOSKA^DOMOVM 


r 


SLOVENE    NEWSPAPERS 

*5 


Churches,    Schools   and   Orphanages. 

As  a  result  of  diverse  political  and  religious  influences, 
the  Jugoslavs  are  divided  into  three  chief  religious  sects, 
the  Roman  Catholic,  the  Greek-Orthodox  and  the  Mahometan, 
the  Croats  and  Slovenes  belong  as  a  rule  to  the  first  with  a 
certain  percentage  of  Greek  Catholics  among  the  Croats. 
The   Serbs   are   as   a   rule  of  Greek   Orthodox   religion. 

The  same  religious  divisions  exist  among  the  Jugoslavs 
in  America,  although  the  Mahometans  are  few  and  have  no 
congregations. 

There  are  in  the  United  States  38  Slovene  Catholic 
parishes,  26  Croat  Catholic  and  2  Greek-Orthodox  parishes, 
and  23  Serb  Greek-Orthodox  parishes.  These  are  located  in 
the  large   Jugoslav   centers. 

Schools  are  maintained  in  connection  with  the  churches, 
instruction  generally  being  given  by  the  nuns.  In  the  United 
States  the*  Jugoslavs  support  26  schools — 14  Slovene  and  12 
Croat,  the  language  of  instruction  being  English. 

The  Croatian  Orphanage  of  America  is  an  organization 
supported  by  two  of  the  largest  Croatian  fraternal  socie- 
ties. This  institution  is  at  present  collecting  funds  to  erect 
an  orphanage  building  at  Des  Plaines,  111.,  toward  which 
each  member  of  the  National  Croatian  Society  and  Croatian 
League  of  Illinois   contributes   five   cents   monthly. 

THE  JUGOSLAV  AS  AN  AMERICAN  CITIZEN. 

The  number  of  Jugoslavs  that  have  become  American 
citizens  can  only  be  approximated.  According  to  an  estimate 
of  the  U.  S.  Immigration  Commission  made  in  1910,  about 
one  third  of  the  immigrated  Jugoslavs  were  naturalized  or 
were  holding  first  papers ;  since  then,  the  proportion  has 
become  larger.     Private  estimates  put  it  now  at  65  per  cent. 

During  the  war,  the  number  of  Jugoslavs  in  the  Amer- 
ican Army  was  noteworthy.  Among  the  78  winners  of  the 
Congressional  Medal,  there  were  two  Jugoslavs:  Jake  Alex 
and  James  I.  Mestrovich.  Several  thousands  enlisted  in  the 
Jugoslav    volunteer   Army    and   went   to   the    Salonika    front. 

26 


The  amount  subscribed  by  Jugoslavs  for  the  five  Liberty 
Loans,  has  been  estimated  by  the  Foreign  Language  Division 
of  the  War  Loan  Organization  of  the  U.  S.  Treasury  De- 
partment to  be  $50,000,000.00.  The  donations  to  the  Amer- 
ican Red  Cross  were  also  substantial,  the  largest  Croat 
benevolent  organization  alone  donating  $20,000.  The  num- 
ber of  Jugoslav  members  of  the  Red  Cross  in  the  year  1920 
was    estimated   to   be    100,000. 

BUSINESS  AND  TRADE. 

Jugoslav  thrift  is  witnessed  to  by  the  number  of  banks 
wholly  or  partly  owned,  managed  and  supported  by  Jugo- 
slavs. Among  them  may  be  named  the  Frank  Sakser  State 
Bank,  the  Slavonic  Immigrant  Bank  and  the  Agency  of  the 
Bank  of  Jugoslavia,  all  of  New  York,  the  North  American 
Trust  and  Savings  Bank  of  Cleveland,  the  First  State  Bank 
of  Ely,  Minn.,  and  Grover's  National  Bank  of  San  Jose, 
Cal.  While  in  Cleveland,  St.  Louis.  Chicago  and  elsewhere 
Jugoslav  Building  and  Loan  Associations  are  assisting  our 
immigrants    to    own    their   homes. 

Several  Jugoslav  consumers'  societies  have  co-operated 
successfully  in  establishing  direct  connection  between  pro- 
ducer  and    consumer. 

In  addition  to  the  occupations  of  fruitgrowing  and  fishing 
(which  will  receive  separate  mention)  the  Jugoslav  on  the  west- 
ern coast  is  notably  successful  in  the  restaurant  business.  Three 
hundred  and  twenty-five  irfestaurants  in  San  Francisco  ,and 
three  hundred  in  Southern  California  are  owned  by  Jugoslavs. 

Fruit-Growing. 
The  part  the  Jugoslavs  have  played  Jn  making  Cali- 
fornia a  great  orchard  state  is  not  to  be  ignored.  In  rais- 
ing the  young  trees,  the  very  foundation  of  the  fruit  grow- 
ing industry  the  Jugoslavs  have  been  most  successful.  Many 
years  ago,  before  many  of  our  finest  orchards  were  planted, 
a  little  colony  of  Jugoslavs  settled  near  Watsonvillc  in  the 
beautiful  Pajaro  Valley.  They  planted  apple-trees  and  now 
the   apples    from   this   valley   are   unsurpassed. 

2/ 


Shortly  after  the  Jugoslavs  had  settled  near  Watson- 
ville  others  from  their  country  took  up  the  old  Spanish  land 
grants  in  the  Santa  Clara  Valley.  Here  they  planted  many 
fruit  trees  but  chiefly  prunes  and  apricots.  These  delicious 
fruits  dried  are  now  widely  known  and  marketed  as  Santa 
Clara    prunes    and    apricots. 

Farther  north  near  Fresno  the  Jugoslavs,  coming  in  in- 
creasing numbers,  interested  themselves  in  the  raisin  and  grape 
industries.  In  the  Sonora  and  Sacramento  Valley  pears  are 
their    specialty. 

The  value  of  any  race  to  any  country  depends  directly 
on  what  the  race  can  produce.  There  can  be  no  finer  or  bet- 
ter manner  of  producing  than  that  of  turning  a  barren 
plot  into  a  bearing  orchard.  The  orchards  of  California 
testify   to  the  industry   and  patience   of  the   Jugoslavs. 

Fishers   and  Sailors. 

Jugoslavs  from  the  Littoral  have  always  been  known 
throughout  the  commercial  world  as  marines,  sailors  and 
shipbuilders.  First  among  the  Jugoslav  immigrants  to  Amer- 
ica, they  settled  along  the  Atlantic  Coast  and  later  on  the 
Pacific  where  they  followed  their  ancient  customs  in  all  in- 
dustries pertaining  to  the  sea. 

Many  of  them  continued  to  follow  the  sea.  No  Amer- 
ican "clipper" — the  most  famous  type  of  sailing  ship  in 
the  world — sailed  the  high  seas  without  Jugoslavs  among 
its  crew.  The  old  Brooklyn  streets  adjoining  East  River  even 
now  harbor  some  of  the  aged  sea-wolves  who  were  born  along 
the  Adriatic. 

Later  when  the  sailing  ships  gradually  disappeared,  most 
of  the  Jugoslav  mariners  stayed  ashore  and  engaged  in  long- 
shoremen trades.  There  are  now  several  thousand  Jugoslavs 
employed  along  the  Hudson  and  East  Rivers  of  New  York, 
a  great  many  of  them  composing  the  crews  of  tug  boats, 
large    scows    and    ships    used   in   harbor   works. 

All  the  principal  shipbuilding  yards  on  the  Atlantic 
employ    thousands    of   Jugoslavs    and    hundreds    more    are    en- 

28 


gaged  in  the  yards  of  the  Pacific  coast  particularly  of 
Oakland,  CaL^Jand  of  Puget  Sound.  Jugoslavs  were  also 
among  the  first  makers  of  ship  masts  in  the  pine  forests  of 
Oregon. 

Early  immigrants  from  the  Dalmatian  Islands  settled 
on  the  Pacific  Coast  and  developed  the  fishing  industry.  In 
the  north  the  salmon  fisheries  of  the  Columbia  River  and 
nearby  bays  and  in  the  south  (the  tuna  fisheries  of  San  Pedro 
and  San  Diego,  Cal.,  offered  opportunities  soon  realized  by 
Adriatic  fishermen.  They  have  been  successful  not  only  in 
the  securing  but  in  the  canning  and  marketing  of  sea-food. 

The  oyster  industry  of  the  south  especially  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi delta  was  largely  developed  and  is  still  operated  by 
Jugoslavs.  The  towns  of  Olga  and  Empire,  Louisiana,  which 
are  the  centers  of  that  industry  are  almost  entirely  inhabited 
by  Jugoslav   oystermen   and   their   families. 

SOME  PROMINENT  JUGOSLAVS  IN  AMERICA. 

Among  the  Jugoslavs  who  have  made  splendid  con- 
tributions to  the  intellectual  and  industrial  development  of 
the  United  States  may  be  mentioned  the  following: 

MICHAEL  PUPIN,  Professor  at  Columbia  University 
and  member  of  the  National  Academy  of  Sciences.  For  his 
well-known  inventions  in  long  distance  telephony,  wireless 
telegraphy,  etc.,  he  received:  The  Herbert  prize  of  the  French 
Academy,  the  Carson  Gold  Medal  of  the  Franklin  Institute, 
The  Social  Science  Associations'  Gold  Medal,  The  Edison 
Gold  Medal  of  the  American  Institute  of  Electrical  Engineers. 

NIKOLA  TESLA,  the  inventor  of  the  polyphase  induc- 
tion motor  which  is  one  of  the  epoch-making  devices  in  the 
art  of  electrical  engineering.  This  invention  was  acquired 
and  developed  by  the  Westinghouse  Electrical  Company 
and   is   in   general  use  all   over  the  world. 

HENRY  SUZALLO,  President  of  the  University  of 
Washington,  Seattle  Wash.  One  of  the  foremost  educators 
in  this  country. 

29 


CAPTAIN  ANTHONY  F.  LUCAS,  a  native  of  Istria, 
who  was  the  first  to  strike  oil  in  Texas  and  who  may  be  con- 
sidered the  father  of  the  oil  industry  in  Texas.  He  is  one 
of  the  biggest   authorities  on   oil   in   this   country. 

REV.  F.  JAGER,  Professor  of  the  University  of 
Minnesota,  one  of  the  foremost  authorities  on  bee  culture  in 
the  United  States.  Bee  culture  stands  higher  in  Slovenia 
than  in  any  other  part  of  the  world,  and  this  distinguished 
Slovene  is  transplanting  this  great  art  from  his  native  land 
to  the  United   States. 

VASO  CHUKOVICH,  pioneer  miner  of  the  Northwest 
.^iid  particularly  of  Colorado,  who  is  now  one  of  the  fore- 
most citizens  of  Denver,  Colo. 

VICTOR  G.  VECKI,  of  San  Francisco,  a  well-known 
physician  and  authority  on  pathology  and  author  of  many 
books    on   this    subject. 


The  type  of  Jugoslav  immigrant  indicates  that  he  be- 
longs to  a  young  and  vigorous  race.  He  is  tall  of  stature 
and  usually  of  dark  complexion.  He  is  a  hard  and  indus- 
trious worker  and  a  stubborn  fighter  as  shown  in  the  World 
War.  To  his  success  as  a  farmer  may  be  added  his  no  small 
contribution  to  the  intellectual  and  technical  advancement  of 
the  United  States.  He  should  be  welcome  to  this  country  as 
ti    valuable    prospective    citizen. 


30 


The  Finest  Fruits 
in  all  the  world 

SUNSWEET 
Prunes  ^Apricots 


Grown  in  the  wonderful    orchards  of  California  by 

men  of  our  own  blood-    California  has  been  good 

to  Jugoslavs.    There  on  the  sun-swept  slopes  of 

her  foothills  our  countrymen  have  found  a  new 

home  and  prosperity.     As  members  of  the 

California  Prune  and  Apricot  Growers 

Association  they  grow  and  sell  this,  the 

most  famous  brand  of  fruit  that 

comes  from  the  golden  state. 

Whenever  you  order 

Prunes  or  Apricots 

ask  for 

SUNSWEET 


THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  LAST  DATE 
STAMPED  BELOW 


AN  INITIAL  FINE  OF  25  CENTS 

WILL  BE  ASSESSED  FOR  FAILURE  TO  RETURN 
THIS  BOOK  ON  THE  DATE  DUE.  THE  PENALTY 
WILL  INCREASE  TO  50  CENTS  ON  THE  FOURTH 
DAY  AND  TO  $1.00  ON  THE  SEVENTH  DAY 
OVERDUE. 


NOV  29  1943 


JAN  20  1944 


Ki-CD  LB 


wn»i36? 


■  "■     24  1944 


27    1944 

_l!2 — 


— — 


qWW-WW 


2FEB52CH 


16W0V56KI 


*& 


IOJU 


26Feb'57^ 


REC'D  LU 


JUW3   1957 


<.-"       ■■ ;.  '  ■ ' 


•,*av 


4963. 


^B>»titfli 


REC'D  LD   FEBl 


1  72>a»4oP(^/§(^s 


